A new
peer-reviewed study in the European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research
analyses developments in Nordic anti-gang and crime policies over the past
15–20 years. The researchers identify a clear “punitive turn”, marked by a
shift away from welfare-oriented prevention towards more security-driven,
deterrence-based and carceral approaches.
Across
Denmark, Sweden and Norway, policy responses increasingly emphasise sentencing,
policing tools, surveillance and incapacitation, while social crime prevention
and welfare-based interventions have been deprioritised. Prevention is no
longer primarily located within welfare systems but has increasingly moved
towards the police and criminal justice system.
The study
shows how local events
–
such as shootings and gang-related violence
–
have acted
as policy catalysts, prompting tougher legislation and expanded enforcement
measures. At the same time, crime is increasingly framed as a public safety and
security problem, rather than a social issue linked to inequality and
exclusion.
Although
the Nordic countries have historically been characterised by strong
welfare-based and rehabilitative approaches, current policies are increasingly
grounded in “carceral logics”, focusing on deterrence and control rather than
reintegration.
The
researchers also point to implications for children and young people. Youth are
increasingly addressed within penal and security frameworks, including stronger
sanctions, expanded youth detention capacity and criminalisation of recruitment
into gangs. This development may challenge the traditional balance between
welfare, prevention and proportionality, and raises questions about long-term
inclusion and trust in public institutions.